加尔文主义的「五要点」（TULIP）是什么意思？
What do the 'Five Points of Calvinism' (TULIP) mean?
简答 Short Answer
TULIP概括了改革宗对救恩的理解：全然败坏、无条件拣选、有限救赎、不可抗拒的恩典、圣徒永蒙保守。核心信息是：救恩从始至终都是上帝的工作。
TULIP summarizes the Reformed understanding of salvation: Total Depravity, Unconditional Election, Limited Atonement, Irresistible Grace, Perseverance of the Saints. The core message: salvation is God's work from start to finish.
详细解答 Detailed Answer
TULIP源于1618年多特会议对阿民念主义的回应：
全然败坏（Total Depravity）：不是说人坏到不能再坏，而是说罪影响了人的每一个方面——理智、情感、意志——以至于人不能也不愿意主动寻求上帝。
无条件拣选（Unconditional Election）：上帝拣选人不是因为预见他们会信，而是出于祂主权的恩典和美意。
有限救赎（Limited Atonement）：更好的说法是「特定救赎」——基督的死不仅使救恩成为可能，而是实际地确保了被拣选之人的救恩。
不可抗拒的恩典（Irresistible Grace）：上帝有效地呼召被拣选的人，圣灵改变他们的心，使他们甘心乐意地来到基督面前。
圣徒永蒙保守（Perseverance of the Saints）：真正得救的人不会最终失落。上帝保守他们到底。
这五点不是五个独立的教义，而是一个完整的救恩叙事：因为人完全堕落，所以需要上帝主动拣选；因为是上帝拣选，所以基督为他们有效地死了；因为基督的死是有效的，所以圣灵必然吸引他们；因为是上帝的工作，所以他们必蒙保守。
TULIP originated from the 1618 Synod of Dort in response to Arminianism:
Total Depravity: Not that people are as bad as possible, but that sin affects every aspect — mind, emotions, will — so that people cannot and will not seek God on their own.
Unconditional Election: God chooses people not because He foresees their faith, but out of His sovereign grace and good pleasure.
Limited Atonement: Better termed 'definite atonement' — Christ's death didn't merely make salvation possible but actually secured salvation for the elect.
Irresistible Grace: God effectually calls the elect; the Spirit changes their hearts so they come to Christ willingly and gladly.
Perseverance of the Saints: Those truly saved will not ultimately fall away. God preserves them to the end.
These five points aren't independent doctrines but one coherent salvation narrative: because people are totally depraved, God must initiate election; because God elects, Christ dies effectively for them; because Christ's death is effective, the Spirit inevitably draws them; because it's God's work, they are surely preserved.
📖 经文引用 Bible Verses
📚 推荐阅读 Related Readings
- •The Five Points of Calvinism (David Steele & Curtis Thomas)
- •What is Reformed Theology? (R.C. Sproul)